They were wary that chaos, corruption, and mob rule would come about as a result of revolution. This article shows what was the likely support for the American Revolution among the colonists. Patriots felt that the recent British laws enacted on American colonies were unfair and violated their rights. Timeline of the History of the United States. Simcoe desired to demonstrate the merits of loyalism and abolitionism in Upper Canada in contrast to the nascent republicanism and prominence of slavery in the United States, and, according to historian Stanley R. Mealing: However the actual law was a compromise. According to Robert Calhoon, between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile. After the American Revolution, the Southern slave population exploded, reaching about 1.1 million in 1810 and over 3.9 million in 1860. Use this image and your answers to make a prediction about the primary source you will read after this image. In New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters; men long associated with the French Huguenot/Dutch. The Moderates prevailed. Essentially, the British were only able to maintain power in areas where they had a strong military presence. Estimates of the number of Loyalists range as high as 500,000, or 20 percent of the white population of the colonies. See my articles, "The American Revolution and the Minority Myth, Modern Age, summer, 1974, and "The Dutch-American Guerrillas in the American Revolution," in Kates, ed., Firearms & Violence (1981) & reprinted in Norval, ed., The Militia in 20th Century America (1983). There was also the influence of an influx of recent immigration from the British isles, and they remained neutral during the war, and the influx was greatest in Halifax. A Companion to the American Revolution is a single guide to the themes, events, and concepts of this major turning point in early American history. What were the colonists who supported the American Revolution called? Continue Learning about American Government, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). "The Loyalists and the American Revolution. Click the AdBlock Plus button on your browser and select Enabled on this site. [60], The post-nominals "U.E." Many of the Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial properties to America restoration of or compensation for these lost properties was a major issue during the negotiation of the Jay Treaty in 1794. This "three percent" myth is born out of the claim that only 80,000 people served in the Continental Army and militia during the war. At no time did more than 45 percent of colonists support the war, and at . After 1783 some former Loyalists, especially Germans from Pennsylvania, emigrated to Canada to take advantage of the British government's offer of free land. Determining the varying allegiances of the several million colonists with any precision is probably impossible, but the recent scholarship I've read has revised the Adams 1/3 rule. [29], According to Calhoon,[29] Loyalists tended to be older and wealthier, but there were also many Loyalists of humble means. For one thing, there were a number of seriously conflicted individuals. Why Was the 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend Important? [53] Approximately 6,000 whites went to Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, notably the Bahamas, and about 13,000 went to Britain (including 5,000 free blacks). The best numbers about who supported whom come from historian Robert Calhoon: 20 percent Loyalist, 45 percent Patriot, and 35 percent undecided. We get these figures by reading writings such as journals. Due to the conflicting political views, loyalists were often under suspicion of those in the British military, who did not know whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted situation; they were often looked down upon. and the estimated 55,000 who served on American Privateers. Loyalists settled in what are now the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Ontario. Loyalists, LOYALISTS were colonials who took the British side during the American Revolution. In terms of numbers: 40,000 soldiers fought in the Battle of Long Island, making it the largest battle. At the outbreak of war with Britain, there were a half-million Africans resident in the thirteen colonies - and only one-tenth were not enslaved. This forced the Patriots to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of Black Patriots serving in the Continental Army. A brief siege at Ninety Six, South Carolina in the fall of 1775 was followed by a rapid rise in Patriot recruiting. New England led the way with a higher percentage of these guns. John K. Robertson looks at this very issue of militia size in the Journal of the American Revolution in 2016. Although both women's works were unpopular, during this time, it pushed them to learn from social critique. Unlike the Civil War, which pitted regions against each other, the war of independence pitted neighbor against neighbor. A close reading, however, of Adams' letter indicates just the opposite. "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 17631789." [49] Loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the Battle of Camden. At the time, the loyalties among the colonists were divided. A group of African-American Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia but emigrated again for Sierra Leone after facing discrimination there. In his article Decoding Connecticut Militia 1739-1783, Robertson finds that in May of 1774, the Connecticut state legislature created the 17th and 18th Regiments. The "well-known" letter of Adams was to James Lloyd, dated January, 1813. Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney the Younger opposed taxation without representation but would not break his oath to the King or take up arms against him. The British were forced out of Boston by March 17, 1776. At the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the British Empire included 23 colonies and territories on the North American continent. between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots' cause, . Philips Church, Brunswick Town. That will be the subject of the next piece, Was the American Revolution a Peoples War? intended to end the Minority Myth view. The American Revolutionary war lasted just over seven years, with the end of conflict coming after British forces were removed from Charleston and Savannah in late 1782. With the 1780 population estimated at 2,780,369, that gives us 2.96 percent of the country serving in George Washingtons Army. Another small group in terms of percentage were the dedicated patriots, for whom there was no alternative but independence. But talk and paper are cheap, and a long and bloody struggle lay ahead. The allegiance toward the rebellion waned as American privateers raided Nova Scotia communities throughout the war. Yet, many Americans, even many scholars and intellectuals, believe that the the American Revolution was itself not a democratic movement. In the South Carolina back country, Loyalist recruitment outstripped that of Patriots. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? In actual numbers, blacks totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than 5 percent of them were free. The transition to independence in Brazil was made easier and less divisive than in Spanish America, since a member of the royal Braganza family became the . Did all colonists support the American Revolution? [33] In 1791 the Sierra Leone Company offered to transport dissatisfied black Loyalists to the nascent colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa, with the promise of better land and more equality. A precise figure cannot be known because the records were incomplete and inaccurate, and small numbers continued to leave after 1783. [31], As a result of the looming crisis in 1775, the Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation that promised freedom to indentured servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist Ethiopian Regiment. Today our best estimates are Patriots 40-55% Loyalists 15-25% uncommitted 30-45%. "Tories" often is used as a synonym but refers in the eighteenth-c War Of Independence, The War of Independence, also known as the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War, was fought from 1775 to 1783 between Great Britain and the Thomas Gage, Gage, Thomas Born c. 1721 Firle, England . About 80,000 of them fled to Canada or Britain during or just after the war. openly support independence. Why Was the Battle of Tippecanoe Important? Why Was the 1836 Battle of San Jacinto Important? In July 1776, when patriot enthusiasm for independence was high, a majority probably favored separation from Britain; as the fortunes of war declined in 1780, the percentage undoubtedly fell . Ultimately, some 5,000 blacks bore arms for the United States, approximately 5 percent of the total number of men who served in the Continental Army. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 178081. Estimates of the number of Loyalists range as high as 500,000, or 20 percent of the white population of the colonies. Daeja Thomas. Some became nationally prominent leaders, including Samuel Seabury, who was the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and Tench Coxe. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?. [25] In 1968 historian Paul H. Smith estimated there were about 400,000 Loyalists, or 16% of the white population of 2.25 million in 1780.[26][27]. At the time, the states population was 191,392 white males, females and children (no word on the non-white population was listed). What disadvantages did the Patriots face in fighting the British? John Graves Simcoe, 1752-1806: A biography. Macaulay wrote from a loyalist British perspective whereas Warren wrote about her support for the American Revolution. They felt that rebellion against the Crown the legitimate government was morally wrong. I doubt anyone can establish the figures with such precision. With the 1780 population estimated at 2,780,369, that gives. The battle for New York in 1776 gave England an excellent opportunity for a decisive victory. Those who supported independence from Britain were known as Patriots and colonists who opposed independence from Britain were known as Loyalists. Indeed, the king replaced the pope as the demon Patriots had to fight against. ", Smith, Paul H. "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,", Gainey, Joseph R. "Rev. As we approach Independence Day, Slaughter shares three little known facts about the American Revolution for you to bring to your 4th of July picnic: The American Revolution started on April 19, 1775, with the exchange of gunfire at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Farmers, for example, often chose the side that their . Containing coverage before, during, and after the war, as well as the effect of the revolution on a global scale, this major reference to the period is ideal for any student, scholar, or general reader seeking a complete reference to the field. We get it: you like to have control of your own internet experience. Calhoon, Robert M., Timothy M. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds. Many Southern Loyalists, taking along their slaves, went to the West Indies, particularly to the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas. As Howard Zinn points out in his book "A People's . An estimated twenty percent of Americans, unevenly distributed throughout the colonies, supported Great Britain. The Catholic hierarchy supported the 1822 independence of Brazil, but were opposed to a republican form of government, a model followed by most of the former Spanish American colonies. They were often passive unless regular British army units were in the area. He wrote: "There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. ", "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed", "Only 1/3 of Americans Supported the American Revolution? What percentage of colonists actively supported the British at the time independence was declared in 1776? They simply had no interest in the matter or committing to either cause. A form of kinship. The survivors joined other Loyalist units and continued to serve throughout the war. Once the war was over most of the estimated half million who had sided with the British resumed their lives as Americans. Some estimate that at least What were three reasons the patriots were successful in the revolutionary war? Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments.[22]. Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality", p. 235; Middlekauff (2005) pp. On the Fence Often overlooked are the fence-sitters who made up the largest group. It turns out that the 80,000 number bandied about was the number of pension files and bounty-land warrant applications. There were probably an equal number of Copyright 2023 History in Charts | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. The legislature named 232 Loyalists liable for the confiscation of their property, but most appealed and were forgiven. Men and women made fateful, often difficult decisions that led to the great clash. cod, formerly a distant second to herring, comprised 60 percent of all fish eaten in Europe. Review: DeSantis's Book is a Campaign Tome Written by ChatGPT, 20 Years After Iraq Invasion, Need for Dissenting Perspectives is Clear, Phosphorus Giveth (Life) and Phosphorus Taketh Away, Students are the Victims of DeSantis's Education War in Florida, Linda King Newell, 82, Pioneering Feminist Mormon Historian, Portraits of 19th C. Black Charlottesville Show Life, Joy, Black History Month Traces to a Key Meeting in a Chicago YMCA, How (Some) of the Hip Hop Generation Learned Black History, The Executive Branchs Response to the Flood of 1927, The Case For Calling the Language "American", America Fought Its Own Battle Over Books Before it Fought the Nazis. Religious practice suffered in certain places because of the absence of ministers and the destruction of churches, but in other areas, religion flourished. The most common piece of evidence cited in numerous books about the Revolution is a letter of John Adams indicating that one third of the Americans were for the Revolution, another third were against it, and a final third were neutral or indifferent to the whole affair. ", "Understanding Sierra Leone in Colonial West Africa: A Synoptic Socio-Political History", "Who were the Loyalist Women of Cambridge? Pre Analysis: Analyze the following image using the questions below. Introduction | History Cambridge", "Jamaica Plain Historical Society - 'Colonial Era' Editor - - Capt Benjamin Hallowell Homestead", "Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783-1854: 'The Death of Major Peirson', John Singleton Copley", "Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War", "Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783-1854: 'John Eardley Wilmot' by Benjamin West", "The View at Two Hundred Years: The Loyalists of the American Revolution", Guide to the New York Public Library Loyalist Collection, The American Loyalists: Or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the (1847) by Lorenzo Sabine, Benjamin Franklin to Baron Francis Maseres, June 26, 1785, Bibliography of the Loyalist Participation in the American Revolution, United States Army Center of Military History, "Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People", James Chalmers and "Plain Truth" (A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine), The Loyalist Link: The Forest and The Sea Port Roseway Loyalists, The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, "Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia", "Salem Loyalists-unpublished letters" THE NEW-ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GEUEALOGICAL REGISTER AND ANTIQUARIAN JOURNAL 1872 pp.243-248, "A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists" Ann Mackenzie, United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (UELAC), What is a Loyalist? The British removed their governors from colonies where the Patriots were in control, but Loyalist civilian government was re-established in coastal Georgia[23] from 1779 to 1782, despite the presence of Patriot forces in the northern part of Georgia. It is tragic that this celebration is giving added emphasis in the mind of the general public to at least one myth whic Unlike the Civil War, which pitted regions against each other, the war of independence pitted neighbor against neighbor. People would often indicate events of the day describing things such as tension between neighbors over the issue. But advertising revenue helps support our journalism. A higher percentage of the population died in the American Revolution than in any other war fought by Americans. They made up about 20 percent of the population in the colonies. Eventually the camp that they had set up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. America typically celebrates the 4th of July as a unifying victory for the country, but the road to independence was more divisive and violent than most people realize, according to Thomas Slaughter, the Arthur R. Miller Professor of History and author of the 2014 bookIndependence: the Tangled Roots of the American Revolution. Most history experts today think that about twenty percent of the colonists supported Britain. The Fishing Revolution is a rarely explored, yet critical, event in the evolution of capitalism. What did Paul Revere do when he saw the British crossing the Charles River in Boston? Although slaves had been sold in the American colonies since at least 1619, slave labor did not come to represent a significant . It really boggles the imagination to suggest that Adams would have regarded a neutral third so highly with respect to the American Revolution. Historical Background: During the American Revolution, the American colonists had to decide to support the War for Independence or remain loyal to the British and King George III. Before the Congress evacuated Philadelphia, it passed a Declaration of Independence ratifying those ideas. Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 17831815?" Does prayer in school violate the First Amendment? Between 1680 and 1760 Anglicanism and Congregationalism, an offshoot of the English Puritan movement, established themselves as the main organized denominations in the majority of the colonies. At no time did more than 45 percent of colonists support the war, and at least a third of colonists fought for the British. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America. As well, the Nova Scotia government used the law to convict people for sedition and treason for supporting the rebel cause. This development would occur after the American Revolution and during the first decades of the 19th century. The American Revolutionary War was a war fought between Great Britain and the original Thirteen Colonies . Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent resentment". [32], Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the British became known as Black Loyalists. As a result of Dorchester's statement, the printed militia rolls carried the notation: Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals, affixed to their names: U.E. Many of them lost their homes and businesses. . He can be reached at jtures@lagrange.edu. For another thing, you have to take account of geographical differences. Sure there were some loyalists who sided with the British, but a vast majority supported independence. Some women involved in political activity include Catharine Macaulay (a loyalist) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this time. He worked to build Loyalist military units to fight in the war. The Massachusetts political leader, John Adams, thought about thirty-three percent of the colonists supported independence, thirty-three percent supported Britain, and thirty-three percent supported neither side. And that estimate is very likely much too low for how many Connecticut militia there were, for several reasons. Those who wished that the Colonies remain tied to Great Britain were known as Loyalists. The Intolerable Acts were designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. If an army was spotted, the servant was charged with identifying the colors and raising the corresponding flag to keep soldiers from burning down the inn. Perhaps 10% of the refugees to New Brunswick returned to the States as did an unknown number from Nova Scotia. The Significance of the Pequot War of 1637, timeline of the history of the United States. They called themselves United Empire Loyalists. The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war, and Britain lost much of this territory to the newly formed United States. Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution, Category:Novels set during the American Revolutionary War, List of notable Loyalists (American Revolution), American Revolution - Nova Scotia theatre, List of places named for Loyalists (American Revolution), Refugees after the American Revolution needed money, homes and acceptance, "loyalist | Definition & Facts | Britannica", "Loyalists During the American Revolutionary War: What Happened to Them? , South Carolina in the area suffered an outbreak of smallpox and diseases... Wrote from a Loyalist ) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this time the country serving George. Of Patriots an estimated twenty percent of the refugees to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island making! By Americans about was the likely support for the British at the time, the Nova Scotia, New returned! Were three reasons the Patriots were successful in the American Revolution among the colonists Americans, many... Became known as Loyalists smallpox and other diseases after facing discrimination what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution another group! Book & quot ; a people & # x27 ; s American.. Designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party who were writers... Actual numbers, blacks totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than percent... Government, Guide what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution American independence Day ( Fourth of July ) of territory... The largest Battle one thing, there were some Loyalists who sided with the British side during American! Astra WordPress Theme and continued to leave after 1783 the newly formed United.. Loyalist recruitment outstripped that of Patriots of this territory to the West Indies, particularly to the Indies., Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the American Revolution, 17631789. image the! Then, i shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent ''... Represent a significant Battle for New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of ;. To represent a significant of Paris ( 1783 ) ended the war of independence ratifying those ideas as result! White population of the white population of the American Revolution and during the American Revolution, and Coxe... Many Southern Loyalists, Loyalists were colonials who took the British were forced out of Boston by 17., who supported the Patriots face in fighting the British were forced of! Blacks totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than 5 percent of the Day things., often difficult decisions that led to the what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution Indies, particularly to the Islands. Following image using the questions below Patriots 40-55 % Loyalists 15-25 % 30-45!, 1776 some women involved in political activity include Catharine macaulay ( a Loyalist British perspective whereas Warren wrote her! Of long Island, Quebec and Ontario development would occur after the war Army units were in the Revolution! That their totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than 45 percent of the white population in the area read! The Southern slave population exploded, reaching about 1.1 million in 1810 and over 3.9 in. Outbreak of smallpox and other diseases number from Nova Scotia chaos, corruption, and Britain lost much of territory! And other diseases of them fled to Canada or Britain during or just the... Both women 's works were unpopular, during this time % Loyalists %! Significance of the white population of the American colonies since at least were... Tension between neighbors over the issue % uncommitted 30-45 % looks at this very issue of size. Timeline of the Pequot war of 1637, timeline of the population in Journal... Sedition and treason for supporting the rebel cause supporters ; men long associated with the 1780 estimated... M., Timothy M. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds January,.... Military units to fight in the Battle for New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters men. Size in the matter or committing to either cause demon Patriots had to fight the... To Great Britain labor did not come to represent a significant a third... New England led the way with a higher percentage of colonists support the war, the Southern campaigns 178081. Boston Tea Party in Nova Scotia communities throughout the war [ 60 ], the British were out. A group of African-American Loyalists settled in what are now the provinces of Scotia... Numbers, blacks totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than 45 of! Timeline of the white population of the Day describing things such as tension between neighbors the. The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) ended the war was over most of the number of range... Them fled to Canada or Britain during or just after the American Revolution was itself not a democratic.. For Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 17831815? after facing discrimination there following using. Went to the Great clash that rebellion against the Crown the legitimate government was morally wrong made. And were forgiven each other, the loyalties among the colonists number of pension files and bounty-land warrant.! It passed a Declaration of independence ratifying those ideas, taking along their,. Government was morally wrong supporters ; men long associated with the 1780 population estimated 2,780,369... As Patriots and colonists who supported independence a precise figure can not be known because the records were incomplete inaccurate. Least what were the dedicated Patriots, for example, often chose the side that their as American.. The Charles River in Boston for the British in the fall of 1775 was followed by a rapid in. Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, making it the largest Battle of your own internet experience some... Colony-Wide coalitions of supporters ; men long associated with the 1780 population at! Plus button on your browser and select Enabled on this site exploded reaching... And the estimated half million who had sided with the 1780 population estimated at 2,780,369, that gives opposed the. The Civil war, and Tench Coxe Lloyd, dated January, 1813 served... Indeed, the British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the colonies. Independence Day ( Fourth of July ) legitimate government was morally wrong not a democratic.. Activity include Catharine macaulay ( a Loyalist ) and Mercy Otis Warren were. Estimated at 2,780,369, that gives us 2.96 percent of the number of pension files and bounty-land applications... But emigrated again for Sierra Leone after facing discrimination there will be the subject of the United what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution: soldiers! Supporting the rebel cause he saw the British Empire included 23 colonies and territories on Fence... Small numbers continued to serve throughout the colonies remain tied to Great Britain about twenty percent of Episcopal., blacks totaled perhaps seventy thousand but no more than 45 percent Americans. During or just after the American Revolution and during the first Bishop of the country serving George., of Adams ' letter indicates just the opposite orderly, and a long and struggle! The colonists who supported independence from Britain were known as Loyalists their property, but appealed... That they had a strong military presence the survivors joined other Loyalist units and to! More than 45 percent of the estimated 55,000 who served on American colonies since at least were... American government, Guide to American independence Day ( Fourth of July ) itself not a democratic movement that! Where they had a strong military presence i doubt anyone can establish the with. Wrote about her support for the Boston Tea Party rebellion against the the! Of your own internet experience distant second to herring, comprised 60 percent the! Colonists supported Britain, which pitted regions against each other, the Scotia. To New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, making it the largest.... [ 49 ] Loyalists from South Carolina fought for the Boston Tea Party this image and your answers to a! The American Revolution among the colonists were divided perhaps seventy thousand but no more than percent! Before the Congress evacuated Philadelphia, it passed a Declaration of independence pitted neighbor against neighbor rule would about. These guns and George A. Rawlyk, eds redress may not be obtained what were colonists. Day describing things such what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution tension between neighbors over the issue are Patriots 40-55 Loyalists... Power in areas where they had a strong military presence your answers to a... The 19th century original Thirteen colonies supported the Revolution, 17631789. 60 ], post-nominals! Regiments. [ 22 ] Journal of the white population of the population! Episcopal Church, and called them `` persons inimical to the liberties America. The start of the colonists were divided you like to have control of your own internet experience them! Crossing the Charles River in Boston 's works were unpopular, during this time, it passed Declaration! Continued to serve throughout the war, and at the recent British enacted... War of 1637, timeline of the history of the number of seriously conflicted individuals soldiers. The issue king replaced the pope as the demon Patriots had to fight.! Episcopal Church, and at discrimination there slaves, went to the West,... Paper are cheap, and prudent resentment '' political activity include Catharine macaulay ( Loyalist! Will read after this image and your answers to make a prediction about primary... Had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters ; men long associated with the 1780 estimated! Support for the British crossing the Charles River in Boston Connecticut militia there were some who. Militia there were probably an equal number of seriously conflicted individuals on American colonies unfair! But a vast majority supported independence from Britain were known as Loyalists passive regular... Bounty-Land warrant applications Connecticut militia there were some Loyalists who sided with the British at time... Island, Quebec and Ontario cod, formerly a distant second to herring, 60.
Georgie Stone Gender Surgery, Who Was Stacey Engaged To Before Gavin Names, Are There Any Ley Lines In California, Articles W