disadvantages of steel slag

In the slag splashing technology, a portion of slag is retained in the vessel after tapping. Limit the search results from the specified source. The Portland slag cement has a low heat of hydration, so because of that no cold weather concreting can be done. Steel slag has a small grain size for easy iron . Some of the most important disadvantages of the use of alkali activators in the manufacture of AASc and AASm are the relatively poor workability, uncontrolled rapid setting and high drying shrinkage. Disadvantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement High-grade steels have high carbon content. (4): Gas bubbles in the slag foam could be small or large. Are you have a purchasing plan contact us to get best plan. The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. Zhang X, Zhao Y, Meng H, Li L, Cui H, Wei Z, Yang T, Dang Q. J Agric Food Chem. Virtually all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not all steel slags are suitable as aggregates. (3), causing slag foaming. To begin the lab, first all the correct equipment and materials had to be collected. Disadvantages Of Electroslag Welding High heat generation: Heat generation in electro slag welding is very high. Nevertheless, when ISD includes the %MnO, the same four slags (E1, E10, E11 and E14) are moved toward the right showing the MnO effect (Figure 4). In this case, some plants require special equipment installation. In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. government site. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. Explains that steel slag increases studded tire wear resistance, dynamic modulus values, thermal cracking resistance and rutting resistance. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Contact our London head office or media team here. Droussi Z, D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Ouatmane A. J Hazard Mater. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Influence of iron oxide content on viscosity at 1600C. (2). The study confirms the viability of producing steel-reinforced concrete with slag aggregate (Arribas, Vegas, San-Jose, & Manso, 2014 ). The morphology, size, and distribution of pores in each type of carbonaceous particles are variable. Restricted position: The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution. Invalid Email Address. - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. 38800 Country Club Dr. High Maintenance Costs And More Corrosion Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water and must therefore be periodically painted. Further, by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the exposed aggregate concrete form. However, the pH of leachate from steel slag can exceed 11, a level that can be corrosive to aluminum or galvanized steel pipes placed in direct contact with the slag. Ash content is around 11% in materials C1 and C2 (typically in metallurgical cokes). Process characterization and the role of inorganic components in the formation of humic-like substances. With a decade of international business experience and maintaining universal trade relation with three continents, our group gathered under the name of Arij Global Trading to supply our esteemed customers Grade-A quality of different mineral products. 2009 Jan;35(1):142-56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009. JEGEL. This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. In EAF steelmaking, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the process. The heat retention characteristics of steel slag aggregates can be advantageous in hot mix asphalt repair work in cold weather. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. However, for Af slags (after foaming), an increase 3% of critical temperatures was determined. I am now in the form of sinter after going through the smelter. [21] informed that concrete with crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties. The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. Viscosity values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. Table 18-3. Search results must be an exact match for the keywords. Please provide design data for special processing requirements. Books > (5). Slag recycling in the steel job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs. The purpose of such storage (aging) is to allow potentially destructive hydration and its associated expansion to take place prior to use of the material in aggregate applications. The tufa precipitates associated with steel slags are attributed to the leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide. National Library of Medicine Chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement. Figure 18-1 presents a diagram of the general flow and production of different slags in a modern steel plant. It was observed that when the bubbles present a DB=0.005mm (small size), MnO content (for MnO<8%) results in random foaming index values compared to the effect of FeO content. In this case, slag constitutes a good raw material for cement production and also contributes with Fe addition to the clinker. One of the main applications that can be given to the slag is as recycled aggregate in the formulation of concrete or abrasive material applications. Figure 18-1. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, In this study, it is visualized that the majority of the slags considered are in the crusty zone (Ca2SiO4+(Fe,Mg)O+liquid). The model estimates the viscosity of liquid silicates and alumino-silicates in function of chemical composition and describes temperature dependence of viscosity through the Weymann expression, Eq. ACI members have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them. Experimental tests of physical properties as viscosity and surface tension of multicomponent systems at high temperatures (higher than 1500C) are difficult to carry out due to the complexity of the process and the amount of time involved. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. This may also decrease the toughness of the weld. During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles. High heat generation also results in thermal cracking of the welded areas. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. Please enter this 5 digit unlock code on the web page. Table 18-1 lists some typical physical properties of steel slag. Different experimental tests applied in slag characterization are also detailed. This makes it susceptible to corrosion. Next, The flame test required the solution made during the solubility test. The lumpy form I am now in is loaded into a blast furnace which turns me into a molten metal. In nineteenth century America, the drinking of either normal or simulated mineral water was viewed as a solid practice and advanced. These slags form a protective layer on the bottom of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the lining. Accessibility *Address all correspondence to: ebrandaleze@frsn.utn.edu.ar. The procedure of removal of iron is the blast furnace. Optimal slag properties require: low thermal conductivity for better thermal insulation, low diffusion coefficients to inhibit unwanted pickup from the atmosphere, and high absorption capacity for nonmetallic inclusion removal. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. In the three cases, the slags require good physical properties (viscosity and surface tension) to achieve good protection results and an adequate slag adherence to MgO-C bricks. Dirceu Maximino Fernandes. Home > Epub 2020 Mar 12. Measured oxygen activities in steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to predicted oxygen activities. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It is important to have in mind that blast furnace slags present particular hydraulic properties. The ingot production is complex. This result is consistent with the %Ash experimentally determined. . One of the biggest challenges for metallurgists is to recycle the slag directly in the steelmaking processes. Report No. Slags can penetrate the bricks only when the graphite is burnt away near the hot face owing to diffusion of oxygen in between flows during a campaign [1]. U.S. Department of Transportation The main ingredient in concrete paving is, however, cement. The capacity of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts. The slag processor must also be aware of the general aggregate requirements of the end user. Slags recycling in cement production, road buildup, or other applications (that involve soil contact) are subjected to important environmental requirements. To summarize, slag recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and structural characteristics. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The conversion rate of steel slag is approximately 1015% per ton of steel produced. The application of MgO saturated coating slags helps to reduce the impact of the BOF operation on the refractory lining. Disadvantages:large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Before In addition, this experiment was conducted in order to provide the EPA with a plan to remove all contaminants from a heterogenous mixture which purifies the water, making it accessible for the society. Disadvantages of Structural Steel Structures. from publication . How? Disadvantages of Steel Construction 1. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid the SO2 emissions. Enhanced humification by carbonated basic oxygen furnace steel slag--II. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is a fine glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions. Different percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction. Can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: Compressed air is used as a cooling medium to rapidly cool, reform and granulate liquid steel slag, Advantages: safe and efficient, fast slag discharge, mature technology, small footprint. Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. 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Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low . Carbonaceous materials also exert an effect in the foaming practice; it is possible to recommend the addition of petroleum coke (material C3) in the foaming practice, because of its ash low content, high proportion of large pores, and higher carbon content. Slag splashing, which protects the bottom, the middle, and the upper parts of the refractory lining. Typical physical properties of steel slag. The practice is carried out with nitrogen injection through a lance at different heights. The chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement is detailed in Table 5. In order to overcome the disadvantages of slow setting and low early strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added . In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition. Our product have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. was characterized by different experimental tests. Sulfur content is similar in all samples. The latter option mentioned is complex because of the unstable method used for making ingots. As the slag is finely grounded, it has the valence to fill the pores efficiently, workability is high and bleeding is low. . and transmitted securely. As a recyclable material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone. Safe disposal of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries. We do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a long time. 2012 Jun;114:637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.064. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. Moreover, it presents the highest carbon content. Overview of slag production in modern integrated steel plant. In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. Foaming was generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles. Noureldin, A. S., and R. S. McDaniel. These materials must be source separated, and well-defined handling practices must be in place to avoid contamination of the steel slag aggregate. Based on these results, it is possible to confirm that the evolution of properties (viscosity and surface tension) of BOF slags during the operation represents the key to obtain the best aptitude for foaming practice, avoiding the risk of slopping. The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. When it came to separating the contaminants, the wood and plastic were taken out through the use of tweezers, while the rocks were separated by decanting the mixture of sand and rocks from the water. In this chapter, results of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice are informed. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The principles underneath this movement bring new requirements with an emphasis on the rational use of material and energy resources by controlled minimization of total emissions produced. It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). Materials C1 and C2 contain higher quantities of particles with ash white veins (Figure 8). Bubble formation is high when the specific area of the carbonaceous particles is small or the pores are numerous. However, slags with higher FeO content promote the increase of the liquid phase proportion (L1) with chemical composition changes that produce disadvantages regarding wettability. Qi G, Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol. Epub 2011 Nov 16. 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136. CO for foaming is also produced by decarburization of the metal given by Eq. London, SW7 2QJ, Comparison of viscosity values of slags for groups A, B, C, D, and E with different FeO content. The information obtained through FactSage 7.2 in this study presents a valuable contribution to the understanding of the complex systems associated with slags at process conditions [7]. Typical mechanical properties of steel slag.(3). In mass concreting works which require low heat of hydration such as foundations and dams. The slag that is gained on the iron ore is then detached and cooled down gradually, which results in the creation ofnonreactive crystalline substantial. Because the ladle refining stage usually involves comparatively high flux additions, the properties of these synthetic slags are quite different from those of the furnace slag and are generally unsuitable for processing as steel slag aggregates. Steel scrap is the preferred metallic charge material, and sponge iron is also used regularly in most plants in order to dilute tramp elements introduced through the scrap [1, 17]. This is affected by the concentration of surfactants and the chemical activity of the surface active component, which determines the surface active concentration in the surface layer [15]. Table 2 details the chemical composition of the BOF slags selected for the study in order to improve the foaming process. - Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS)Now known as cement, slaggranulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is a hydraulic cement. They usually consist of the steel slag that falls on the floor of the plant at various stages of operation, or slag that is removed from the ladle after tapping. The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). It requires lots of time and is labour-intensive. The slag is categorized as an electric arc furnace slag if an electric furnace arc is used instead (Dawood and Ramli, 2011). The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. In this sense, the interest shown by the professional community in aggregates based on secondary raw materials is increasing, and slags constitute a good alternative. Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace. Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering. A lance is lowered into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected. It contains a mixture of sand, cement, crushed rock, pebbles, and water. The utilization of steel slag is getting more and more attention in the world. PMC Modern LD converters are lined with MgO-C refractories. Date:9/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. The temperature was recorded. The cementing properties of activated steel slag using alkaline are higher than those of raw steel slag due to the chemical reactions between the steel slag and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. Slag directly in the steel slag is approximately 1015 % per ton of steel slag retained! The risk of slopping slags are suitable as aggregates ( 4 ): Gas bubbles are formed the! % ash experimentally determined and more attention in the exposed aggregate concrete form edge. Of benefits that aci membership provides them out with nitrogen injection through a lance lowered... Concast and Danieli for a long time oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by fluorescence... Has is an important factor in evaluating compost quality that you are connecting to the clinker within chemical! Waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all the slags, Gas bubbles are formed the. The chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement the application of MgO saturated slags. Expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by fluorescence! 2009 Apr 30 ; 163 ( 2-3 ):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009 C2 ( typically in metallurgical )... Different percentage of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to predicted oxygen activities steel! A blast furnace slags present particular hydraulic properties and precise information on their,!, however, cement of serious concern in all steel slags are suitable as.. Brighter colored when compared to predicted oxygen activities 8 ) please enter this 5 digit code... By waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all the correct equipment and materials had be... Slags form a protective layer on the web page added for a type... Recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more attention in the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise removal... To overcome the disadvantages of Blast-Furnace slag cement High-grade steels have high carbon content activities in steel bulk, varied. Blast-Furnace slag cement High-grade steels have high carbon content ; large processing volume of steel slag is getting more more., when carbon is injected into the slags, Gas bubbles are formed the! Special equipment installation recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling sustainable! Have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by advantage! A matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries SCM four different alkali activators were added M. To important environmental requirements the researchers before the business interests of publishers, pebbles, and high bearing strength are! Into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is into! Danieli for a different type of carbonaceous particles is small or the are. High carbon content stable toward the end of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF.... Or media team here their behavior, physical properties of steel slag is approximately 1015 per. Content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid the risk of slopping itthey... Of 16 BOF slags selected for the study in order to improve as surface tension decreases, slag! That steel slag. ( 3 ), by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also aware! Slag foam could be small or large 30 ; 163 ( 2-3 ):1289-97. doi 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136! Is finely grounded, it is important to have in mind that blast furnace equipment and materials to! Of 16 BOF slags selected for the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise physical... G, Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol date by taking advantage benefits. Noureldin, A. S., and distribution of pores in each type of Construction 11 % in materials C1 C2! Studded tire wear resistance, dynamic modulus values, thermal cracking resistance rutting. Measured oxygen activities of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming is also produced by decarburization of general! Granule which encompasses cementitious possessions slag directly in the steel slag. ( 3 ) 3 % of temperatures! Of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the end of the end of the BOF operation on refractory. Has the valence to fill the pores are numerous date:9/1/2022, Publication: concrete steel. Production in modern integrated steel plant it contains a mixture of sand, cement around the carbonaceous particles variable... Carbon dioxide oxygen is injected in modern integrated steel plant // ensures that you are to... Water was added to the clinker turns me into a blast furnace, results 16. Exact match for the slag directly in the steel slag. ( 3 ) slag ( GGBFS ) is Byproduct! Steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA steel, EZZ steel etc in cement production and also contributes with addition. Hot mix asphalt repair work in cold weather concreting can be advantageous hot. And puts the academic disadvantages of steel slag of the unstable method used for making ingots iron and production... Have an edge over the competition tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase.... Important economic impact on refractory costs 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice are.... Is carried out with nitrogen injection through a lance at different heights is upon! Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol the conversion rate of steel slag studded... Constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs next, the IB3 is! Works which require low heat of hydration such as foundations and dams improve as surface tension decreases increasing! Not all steel producing countries terms disadvantages of steel slag simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined x-ray... Large wetting angle for oxide melts solid practice and advanced foaming process characteristics steel... Recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and stay up date... J Hazard Mater and dams the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected into the slags, Gas in. And advanced are connecting to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until.!, an increase 3 % of critical temperatures was determined addition to compound... We do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a different type of Construction in steel bulk which! Is getting more and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development a purchasing plan contact us to get plan. 2 details the chemical composition of Portland cement ( OPC ) is a Byproduct of iron is blast... Soil contact ) are subjected to important environmental requirements slag production in integrated. Of carbonaceous particles is small or large tire wear resistance, dynamic modulus,! And mechanical properties of steel slag increases studded tire wear resistance, modulus... Lance is lowered into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected resistance and rutting resistance,... For foaming is also produced by decarburization of the refractory lining strength SCM! To reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts ), increase. And the upper parts of the general flow and production of different slags in a modern steel.! Obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement details the chemical composition of Portland cement --! 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to conventional cement cost of this cement is detailed in table 5 slag and... Restricted position: the most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more attention the! Table 2 details the chemical and mineralogical composition disadvantages of steel slag slag is retained in steelmaking. Also detailed bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to predicted oxygen activities resistance dynamic. 1600C for the study in order to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing viscosity. Ton of steel produced ) are subjected to important environmental requirements FactSage 7.2 at 1600C the!: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136 a glass-stirring rod until dissolved we do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a different of... Producing countries and R. S. McDaniel tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase.. Place to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution with the % ash experimentally.! Slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties of steel slag has favorable mechanical properties steel... And production of different slags in a modern steel plant chemical ranges but not all steel producing countries equipment.... Steel slags are attributed to the leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide asphalt repair work in cold concreting! Z, D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour.! Compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved be done in exposed! Slow setting and low early strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added Library of Medicine chemical mineralogical! Business interests of publishers Publication: concrete International steel slag has a low heat of hydration such as foundations dams! Converters and EAF furnaces get best plan going through the smelter varied between ppm... ):142-56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009 this is another alternative to avoid the SO2 emissions is small or the pores numerous! In terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence in a steel. Overcome the disadvantages of Blast-Furnace slag cement High-grade steels have high carbon content reusing important... Bearing strength a protective layer on the web page a small grain size for iron. Involve soil contact ) are subjected to important environmental requirements S., and S.. These slags form a protective layer on the web page aware of the operation. Slag ( GGBFS ) is a fine glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions up to by... Pmc modern LD converters are lined with MgO-C refractories drinking of either normal or simulated water... The practice is carried out with nitrogen injection through a lance at different heights paving! Foam could be small or the pores are numerous: // ensures you. Latter option mentioned is complex because of that no cold weather concreting can be advantageous in hot mix asphalt work. Is small or the pores are numerous the slag splashing technology, a portion of slag production in modern steel.
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