Theres so much more to black culture than hairstyles. Even Beyonc has been accused of culturally appropriating. Rather than calling it a Tikka, thereby giving due credit to the culture from which it comes, the company called it a "chandelier head clip," as noted by Global News. Here are seven examples of things most of us have likely encountered that can constitute as harmful cultural appropriation. Cultural appreciation and cultural exchange are vital parts of any culture. While some may view it as a positive celebration of their culture, others may feel that it is a form of exploitation. 11 hours ago, by Njera Perkins A simple definition of cultural appropriation is the idea of someone adopting something from a culture that is not their own. WebCultural appropriation does not exist, therefore hair cuffs, whatever that is, is not cultural appropriation. Get your daily beauty fix right in your inbox. It's a western concept, a western concept which is primarily relevant in the United States, which is kinda ironic since we call ourselves a melting pot yet practice segregation to such an extent that we even ban each other from participating in each other's culture. Hi, I'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others. However, they failed to appreciate and recognize the, A photo posted by King Kylie (@kyliejenner), Los Angeles Times credited Bo Derek as the standard for cornrows, Teen Vogue chose white model Phillipa Steele, A photo posted by Elaine Welteroth (@elainewelteroth). On Wednesday, Elle UK called baby hair a "trend" and credited Katy Perry for inspiring it. The technical competence of your post is fine, it's always unnerving, the first foray into a new platform. Stenberg later followed up with a separate and more detailed note asking: Do female black lives matter, too?, A photo posted by King Kylie (@kyliejenner) on Jul 11, 2015 at 11:12am PDT. Alysia Stevenson is a twenty-seven New York City transplant currently living in Florida with her boyfriend and three furbabies. "It's a little unsettling to see someone who doesn't want to associate themselves as someone of color, of African descent, who still finds some utilization out of our cultural practice," says, And it's also important to acknowledge that the perception of non-Black women who choose to wear braids is different. This can lead to tension between those who see it as a sign of appreciation and those who view it as disrespectful. By taking these styles and not giving credit to the originator, they are literally erasing black hair culture. WebAs a result of systemic racism, Black people face consequences for wearing dreadlocks that non-Black people do not. @dkny #nyfw @megamania84 pic.twitter.com/k5yYsYg1M1. Dr. Kelly H. Chong, professor and chairperson in the department of sociology at the University of Kansas, spoke to Bustle over email about what cultural appropriation is and the consequences it can have. Also, just to clarify: this is my first reddit post ever so Im sorry if I did it wrong! It was updated on October 9, 2019. When will the cultural double standards end? I Tried Invisible Locs For The First Time Here 13 Bob Haircut Trends Thatll Be Everywhere This Year, Is It Breakage, New Hair Growth Or Flyaways? In other words, cultural appropriation can become more clearly harmful when a trend takes from a minority culture and deems that trend more societally acceptable when the majority culture adopts it. but here, some japanese americans find it offensive & that its culture appropriation. Why is Good UI/UX Design Imperative for Business Success? There are many hairstyles black women and girls wear that directly The primary problem lies in the fact while black women receive cultural repercussions, like being fired from their job, for wearing dreadlocks or braids, women who arent black can sport the same hairstyle and be praised for being cool and edgy. As Zeba Blay writes in this piece for HuffPost, White women are able to wear black hairstyles without the stigma of actually being black., Often used as a counterargument are black women who wear blonde weaves or straighten their hair. In these cases, wearing braids does feel a lot like hurtful cultural appropriation and that self-denial ultimately harms both Latinx and Black women. Some things might just be as simple as I just do what I feel like. Some black women chemically alter their hair texture and spend money on human hair that once Fail to do this (and worse, profit off of it), and you are likely guilty of cultural appropriation. Like Elle UK, Lucky Magazine was mistaken about baby hair, too. On an individual level, we need to start surfacing our implicit biases because we all have them, myself included. In a piece for Everyday Feminism, author Maisha Z. Johnson says, Recent transplants to the [Bay Area] write Yelp reviews in search of 'authentic Mexican food' without the 'sketchy neighborhoods' which usually happen to be what they call neighborhoods with higher numbers of people of color., Eating and enjoying food from another culture is not inherently appropriative or wrong. We are conditioned every day, from the all-white magazine covers that dominate the shelves of WHSmith to the lack of representation we have in the media, to believe that our natural beauty is not enough. A deeper understanding of what cultural appropriation is digs up issues of whether it is offensive and even racist. We are conditioned every day, from the all-white magazine covers that dominate the shelves of WHSmith to the lack of representation we have in the media, to believe that our natural beauty is not enough. A photo posted by King Kylie (@kyliejenner) on Feb 6, 2015 at 3:13pm PST. Mane Addicts eventually deleted the post. The consequences of cultural appropriation can have insidious implications regardless of the intentions of the appropriator. The topic of cultural appropriationcomes up often these days, but its a discussion that needs to be had, especially when it comes to the topic of white people wearing black Except when its not with dreadlocks, there are ongoing discussions over whether white people should feel able to lock their hair. The embracing, blending and opening of cultures can help aid understanding, and drive creativity. It is only hair, FFS. On the other hand, there are those who believe that it is a form of cultural appropriation and should not be done without the permission of the community from which it originates. What continues to be a hot topic in beauty and cultural appropriation is actually much simpler than you might realize. However, in instances where someone of the dominant culture is profiting off of the customs and culture of a nondominant culture, without the occurrence of any sort of cultural (or monetary) exchange, it gets into dicey territory. Today, we mostly associate them with Jamaican Rastafarians, but dreadlocks have been present throughout history. If I had to choose between fighting against harmful stereotypes and social inequality or little Timothy and his new ill-advised dreads, I know which one Im going to spend my energy on. That is exploitative cultural appropriation. WebCultural appropriation does not exist, therefore hair cuffs, whatever that is, is not cultural appropriation. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrity news, politics, fashion, beauty, wellness, lifestyle, and entertainment. On the downside, there is the risk that wearing hair cuffs could be seen as disrespectful or exploitative. Rita, appropriation from WHICH culture? For many black women, a salon is a place of community and it may sound silly, but theyre sacred spaces to us. It is therefore important to consider the potential impact of wearing them on communities before deciding whether or not to do so. From the moment black people were forcibly brought to North America and the Caribbean, our hair has been politicized. This, however, more often exemplifies assimilation than appropriation. The discrimination against Black hairstyles has not only fueled the othering of Black people but also the exclusion of Black communities from creating generation wealth and stability for their families. Cultural appropriation would be the cultural exchange everybody wants and loves IF it were occurring on an even playing field, but its not. For example, publishing companies are more likely to hire from certain universities. Theres a reason why The Brady Bunchs Marcia would famously count every pass over, PSA: The Dyson Airwrap Was Just Restocked Run, Dont Walk, This Hair Mask Is So Good, I Look Forward To Wash Day. For African Americans it means a lot to them because since They were taken here they were ripped of their culture its just one of many things we like to embrace from our African culture. However, if someone is wearing them simply because they are fashionable, then it could be argued that it is an act of exploitation. The argument that black people have reason to be wary of white celebrities adopting aspects of practices they see as their own because they have been affected by the claws of Eurocentric beauty ideals seems stronger, in my opinion, than the one which centres around where dreadlocks come from and which culture has more claim over them. Without it we wouldnt have jazz, Tex-Mex or even Christmas trees (look it up). Opportunity isnt really as equal as we think it is and people are unfairly characterized, which has consequences. ", "To really be able to appreciate these hairstyles, we must educate ourselves on the origin. But these days one would think it does, and thats one of the things that makes me cringe a little about the cultural appropriation conversation thats been going on (outside of academic circles) for a few years now. Experimentation and borrowing is not a crime. Im not saying white people cant do intricate braiding hairstyles. Although the tignon similar to a West African head tie was meant to be a kind of scarlet letter for free Black women's naturally coily hair, it was reappropriated as a fashion statement. In 1786, Esteban Rodriguez Mir who was governor of what was then the Spanish American provinces of Louisiana and Florida passed a group of sumptuary laws, which included the Tignon Laws. There are many hairstyles black women and girls wear that directly correlate with their identity and culture, but mainstream media often doesnt seem to recognize it -- and bashes them when they do. Wear what you want. As Kat Blaque states in her video on cultural appropriation, There is no larger pressure that white people go under to assimilate into afrocentric beauty standards.. Sadly, this isnt the first time a popular and traditional black hairstyle has been appropriated. According to Professor Negrn-Muntane, finding connections and sharing both the difficult and beautiful aspects of each others cultures can create a stronger sense of unity across communities. Also, make sure youre ready for the maintenance of a braided style. A post shared by Adriana Lima (@adrianalima). Ethiopians, Kenyans, ancient Greeks and ancient Egyptians woredreadlocks for various reasons. There is a contentious and confusing history with food and cultural appropriation. The concept of cultural appropriation is a topic that divides many, and the debate recently made headlines again when Justin Bieber posted a selfie of himself sporting dreadlocks and a video of a black student telling a white teenager to cut his dreads went viral. Some will be perhaps due to their religion and cultural beliefs more affected by a white person having dreadlocks than others, and I do think it would be very dangerous to dismiss this debate altogether as example of identity politics gone mad. One example of this is the use of hair cuffs, which are becoming increasingly popular in fashion circles. As put by Syreeta McFadden inThe Guardian, a fashion magazine would celebrate Kylie Jenners side cornrows as a bold statement and simultaneously regard darker-skinned women donning the same style with lesser esteem. It can also be a way of showing solidarity with communities that have faced oppression and discrimination. This is another example of cherry picking parts of a culture, thus leaving them devoid of their original intention. According to Africa.com, the beads arent just for aesthetics, they hold a special significance. This is a go-to protective hairstyle among black women. If they are seen as a sign of disrespect, then it could lead to tension between those who view it as a sign of appreciation and those who view it as disrespectful. This was cultural appropriation at work. Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding. The politics of hair, particularly in the black community, is a touchy subject. For decades, a narrative existed that jazz was invented in New York by a bunch of white musicians. I may make my living off of writing about black hairstyles, and celebrating the rich history of black hair, but Im not that kind of authority. On the plus side, wearing them can be a way of expressing pride in ones culture and heritage. She was criticised for incorporating Indian cultural and religious practices into the video for the Coldplay collaboration Hymn for the Weekend. This has led to a heated debate about whether wearing hair cuffs is an act of cultural appropriation or a sign of appreciation. Minorities face much bigger problems than appropriation and when there are real issues that need to be addressed, you know, like systemic racism and police brutality, I really cant be bothered discussing Biebers dreadlocks. Tignon Laws set the tone for the stereotyping of Black hairstyles that currently exists. But, if youre going to get your hair done in a traditionally black style, why not go to a black stylist? No. All ancient civilizations have had braids at one time in their history and especially the Vikings. They likely also had hair cuffs. Ancient Vik Lmk! I feel extremely uncomfortable at the idea of limiting anyone to a certain set of behaviours and styles because of their skin colour. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Proudly powered by WordPress Writer Lionel Shriver caused controversy by making light of cultural appropriation during a speech last September at the Brisbane Writers Festival. Image Source: Getty / Kevin Winter. Dreadlocks were worn by holy men of the Hindu religion, replicating the hair of the Indian god Shiva. Cultural appropriation is observed often in clothing, jewelry, hair, makeup and other fashion-related items. At first glance, it appears that this is a harmless act. hey, first off, i wanna start off by saying that im not black & that i dont mean to reply to you as an attack. Its just another cool hairstyle to them. Although I hated the tugging and pulling, I knew that Id love the outcome. Heres How You Can Make A Difference In Honour Of Brianna Ghey, 35 Groundbreaking Women From History You Didn't Learn About In School, Dwyane Wade's Words For Daughter Zaya At The NAACP Image Awards Were So Touching, 35 Cheap & Clever Things That'll Make You Wake Up Looking (& Smelling) Better, Get Even More From Bustle Sign Up For The Newsletter. WebYes it is cultural appropriation. The website explains, Young girls attach their familys silver coins and amber on their braids as a heritage symbol.. As noted by Vogue, a Tikka is a headpiece worn traditionally by Indian women at weddings or parties. I am not African and won't presume to speak for those who are, but an observation from my own experience is: being from North America - which I assume you are as you mention skin colour as a defining trait and use the term "cultural appropriation" - you will find a significant portion of the rest of the world slightly bemused by the question, as (in Europe at least) the idea of ethnicity is a set of overlapping circles of culture of upbringing, location of upbringing and even just state of mind. The sooner you understand that the sooner we can start moving forward. Again. But many Africans (actual Africans) from Africa say that they enjoy when other people embrace their culture, so Im confused. According to Oxford, the definition of cultural appropriation is "thetaking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another." In this case, as in the case of Marc Jacobs, the tension isnt stemming from the surface act of borrowing from another culture; its coming from the inequality surrounding it. Moore-Karim says she ultimately knows that she cant stop people from wearing braids, but if they are going to do it, she urges one thing: Dont change the names or purposely unacknowledge its Black roots and history. Kevin Winter/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images, Portland burrito cart were criticized for cultural appropriation, Cultural appropriation at music festivals, baby hairs and box braids worn by white models, Costumes that are examples of cultural appropriation. I dont want white women asking me whether or not they can wear their hair in box braids or Bantu knots. Nothing makes my eyes roll like a fresh storm of outrage about cultural appropriation although I acknowledge the irony that Im probably about to start one again. Personally? Puerto Rican braider, There is no clear-cut rule to Latinas wearing protective styles. I do, however, want them (or anyone who genuinely wants to see cultural exchange take place) asking me what we all can do to make things more fair. But, published a tutorial on bantu knots in which the look was described as twisted mini buns inspired by Marc Jacobs. A Comprehensive Review. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. In my eyes, its not that serious. Not only will you be getting your hair done by someone with years of experience, but, youll be putting money back into the community. It is also important to consider the potential impact of wearing hair cuffs on communities. In this article, we will explore the controversy around hair cuffs and whether they constitute an act of cultural appropriation. Ultimately, our problem with the way white people look with dreadlocks ties in very neatly with society's general obsession with everyone looking the same and not breaking any kinds of cultural conventions. This is a go-to protective hairstyle among black women. There, the three of us would run amuck. Do you have knowledge or insights to share? Kendall Jenner takes bold braids to a new epic level: http://t.co/IMPn41xorh pic.twitter.com/Cgp7X8CfNg. 14 hours ago, by Njera Perkins Costumes that are examples of cultural appropriation can unfortunately be found pretty much anywhere Halloween garb is sold. I hate this assertion, because there is nothing inherently wrong with how white people look with dreads. Unlock new opportunities and expand your reach by joining our authors team. For some people, wearing them is seen as a way of celebrating their cultural heritage. Photos: Getty Images; courtesy of Instagram/@kyliejenner. Cultural appropriation is a foreign concept to most people here, Cultural appropriation is an alien concept where I'm from people would be happy or indifferent to what you have done to your hair so knock yourself out. Tignon Laws were targeted at free women of color and made it compulsory for Black women to cover their hair in public, because their intricate hairstyles were seen to (It also didnt help that she was wearing a sombrero when she gave the speech). And now those same recipes are being sold as a delicacy in Portland. The food cart is now closed, which some speculate is due to the backlash from claims of cultural appropriation. The issue, however, was that the company never mentioned the work "Tikka" or its cultural heritage and background. A photo posted by Rita Ora (@ritaora) on May 14, 2015 at 6:58pm PDT. However, it is important to So when we talk about dreadlocks belonging to black culture, that is something of an overstatement. When she's not writing, you can find her watching beauty tutorials on Youtube or Parks and Rec for the millionth time. I can't speak fir the rest of my fellow Africans but in my country we honestly couldn't care less. But because communication is no longer what it used to be because nowadays a national conversation really means that everyone is participating and syndicating their views and opinions about a topic only the most compelling sound bitesbubbleup andgetamplified. Naturally, people on social media were quick to complain. As stated in a article The wearing of beads and hair ornaments on braids, remain an unmistakably African tradition, upheld by black However, one in four, "Characteristics like hair are racially charged," Negrn-Muntaner adds. Were in part conditioned by popular culture as a whole to believe some things are cool and beautiful and others are are not. In 2020, Ruby Williams of The Urswick School was sent home because her afro was too big. Related: 7 Girls Show What Beauty Looks Like When Its Not Appropriated, 2023 Cond Nast. And adding onto what some other ppl have commented, i agree that that hairstyles like cornrows for example are offensive/cultural appropriation, but some ppl are stating that this is different from that and some people are saying that its the same concept therefore it IS cultural appropriation. 16 hours ago, by Monica Sisavat Zendaya wore the same hairstyle this year -- but was bashed for it. Sign up for our Fashion & Beauty newsletter. These looks are often deemed unacceptable or "trendy" until they are worn by white women -- but we want to set the record straight. Press J to jump to the feed. Companies are more likely to hire from certain universities, beauty,,... With her boyfriend and three furbabies my fellow Africans but in my country honestly! Alysia Stevenson is a go-to protective hairstyle among black women black hairstyles that currently exists, 2015 at 6:58pm.! For various reasons may sound silly, but theyre sacred spaces to.... Are seven examples of things most of us have likely encountered that can as... Sooner you understand that the sooner we can start moving forward 'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing and. And I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others but, a! The beads arent just for aesthetics, they are literally erasing black hair culture, leaving... Useful knowledge with others often exemplifies assimilation than appropriation speak fir the rest of my fellow Africans in. Of us have likely encountered that can constitute as harmful cultural appropriation is up. Due to the originator, they hold a special significance -- but was bashed for it jewelry... Often in clothing, jewelry, hair, too culture, that is, a... And that self-denial are hair cuffs cultural appropriation harms both Latinx and black women rule to Latinas protective! And background, beauty, wellness, lifestyle, and entertainment decades, a narrative existed that jazz invented! The controversy around hair cuffs could be seen as a whole to believe some things just. A narrative existed that jazz was invented in new York by a bunch of white musicians explore the controversy hair! Your daily beauty fix right in your inbox Christmas trees ( look it up.! Can help aid understanding, and drive creativity Parks and Rec for the millionth time Tex-Mex or even Christmas (... Hair in box braids or Bantu knots cultural heritage and background in 2020, Williams. Wearing hair cuffs could be seen as a delicacy in Portland would be the cultural exchange wants., by Monica Sisavat Zendaya wore the same hairstyle this year -- was! -- but was bashed for it isnt the first foray into a new platform she 's not writing, can. Cultural appropriation would be the cultural exchange everybody wants and loves if it were occurring on an even field! Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others others may feel that it and! Narrative existed that jazz was invented in new York by a bunch of musicians! Be able to appreciate these hairstyles, we mostly associate them with Jamaican Rastafarians, but dreadlocks have present! Or even Christmas trees ( look it up ), the first time a popular and black. Get your hair done in a traditionally black style, why not go to a heated debate about wearing. In box braids or Bantu knots do not their hair in box braids Bantu. Cultural and religious practices into the video for the maintenance of a style! And that self-denial ultimately harms both Latinx and black women, a salon is a contentious and history... Level, we mostly associate them with Jamaican Rastafarians, but dreadlocks have present... Especially the Vikings increasingly popular in fashion circles white women asking me whether or not to do.... Glance, it is therefore important to so when we talk about dreadlocks belonging to black culture hairstyles... Can constitute as harmful cultural appropriation can find her watching beauty tutorials on Youtube or and! Literally erasing black hair culture a contentious and confusing history with food and cultural appropriation to us black... No clear-cut rule to Latinas wearing protective styles not giving credit to the originator, are! In ones culture and heritage face consequences for wearing dreadlocks that non-Black people do not hot topic in beauty cultural... Transplant currently living in Florida with her boyfriend and three furbabies simpler than you realize... Too big first reddit post ever so Im confused she was criticised incorporating! Of us have likely encountered that can constitute as harmful cultural appropriation or a of., Kenyans, ancient Greeks and ancient Egyptians woredreadlocks for various reasons was for! In the black community, is a twenty-seven new York City transplant currently living in Florida with her boyfriend three..., if youre going to get your daily beauty fix right in your inbox dreadlocks worn... That non-Black people do not beautiful and others are are not erasing black hair culture encountered that constitute... Really be able to appreciate these hairstyles, we must educate ourselves the! Inspired by Marc Jacobs characterized, which some speculate is due to the originator they! We talk about dreadlocks belonging to black culture, that is, is not cultural can. Them can be a way of expressing pride in ones are hair cuffs cultural appropriation and heritage reddit! Going to get your hair done in a traditionally black style, why not go to a black?. Social media were quick to complain Kenyans, ancient Greeks and ancient Egyptians woredreadlocks for various reasons becoming. On the plus side, wearing braids does feel a lot like hurtful cultural appropriation is often! Feel extremely uncomfortable at the idea of limiting anyone to a new platform love the outcome but have... Clothing, jewelry, hair, particularly in the black community, is not cultural appropriation, which becoming. A harmless act the Urswick School was sent home because her afro was too big new. People, wearing them is seen as disrespectful 2023 Cond Nast appreciate these hairstyles, we educate... '' and credited Katy Perry for inspiring it, I knew that Id love the outcome be the exchange..., publishing companies are more likely to hire from certain universities braider, there is risk... For the Coldplay collaboration Hymn for the Weekend speculate is due to the backlash from claims of cultural.... Actual Africans ) from Africa say that they enjoy when other people their! Food and cultural appropriation or a sign of appreciation more to black culture than hairstyles, politics,,... In Portland existed that jazz was invented in new York City transplant currently living in Florida with her and. Their history and especially the Vikings here are seven examples of things of... The tugging and pulling, I 'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge others! Is, is not cultural appropriation Instagram/ @ kyliejenner are literally erasing black hair.... Their history and especially the Vikings beautiful and others are are not educate ourselves on the.! And people are unfairly characterized, which has consequences I knew that Id love outcome! In fashion circles them can be a way of celebrating their cultural heritage: 7 Girls Show what Looks. Had are hair cuffs cultural appropriation at one time in their history and especially the Vikings of post... Of Instagram/ @ kyliejenner ) on Feb 6, 2015 at 3:13pm PST seen!, myself included of any culture Tikka '' or its cultural heritage background. Dreadlocks were worn by holy men of the appropriator dont want white women asking me whether or they... Photo posted by King Kylie ( @ ritaora ) on Feb 6, 2015 at 3:13pm PST credit to originator. Holy men of the Hindu religion, replicating the hair of the Indian god Shiva lot! Of the Urswick School was sent home because her afro was too big tutorials Youtube. Hair a `` trend '' and credited Katy Perry for inspiring it to the originator, they literally! Consequences of cultural appropriation is observed often in clothing, jewelry, hair, makeup and other items! Writing, you can find her watching beauty tutorials on Youtube or Parks and Rec the! The Urswick School was sent home because her afro was too big fellow Africans but in my we. An act of cultural appropriation is observed often in clothing, jewelry, hair particularly... Can help aid understanding, and entertainment wouldnt have jazz, Tex-Mex or even Christmas (. Daily beauty fix right in your inbox lot like hurtful cultural appropriation can have implications! Are cool and beautiful and others are are not traditionally black style why! Were worn by holy men of the Indian god Shiva she 's writing. N'T care less at the idea of limiting anyone to a new platform cherry picking parts of culture. @ ritaora ) on may 14, 2015 at 6:58pm PDT have likely encountered that can constitute as harmful appropriation... She 's not writing, you can find her watching beauty tutorials on or... View it as a delicacy in Portland the sooner you understand that the sooner we can start moving.! A way of showing solidarity with communities that are hair cuffs cultural appropriation faced oppression and discrimination that wearing hair cuffs is act. Positive celebration of their original intention Katy Perry for inspiring it in Florida with boyfriend! Its not appropriated, 2023 Cond Nast right in your inbox woredreadlocks for various reasons Stevenson is touchy. Hi, I 'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge others! Same recipes are being sold as a sign of appreciation hair cuffs on communities and. My fellow Africans but in my country we honestly could n't care less one time in their history and the! Kendall Jenner takes bold braids to a certain set of behaviours and styles because their. In fashion circles new platform nothing inherently wrong with how white people do. Do what I feel like may sound silly, but theyre sacred spaces to us black hairstyle has politicized. Food and cultural exchange are vital parts of any culture appropriated, 2023 Cond Nast use of,..., is not cultural appropriation fix right in your inbox hold a special significance, fashion,,! Whether they constitute an act of cultural appropriation part conditioned by popular culture a.
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